Referencing is one of those skills that seems simple until you actually try to do it properly. Is the year in brackets or after the author? Does the journal title get italicised or the article title? Do you need a DOI or a URL? One wrong comma in an APA reference can cost you marks on the referencing criterion — and inconsistent citations across your assignment signal carelessness to your marker.

Our free citation formatter generates correctly formatted references in APA 7th, Harvard, and MLA styles. Just enter the source details and copy the formatted citation straight into your reference list.

Why Proper Citations Matter

Citations aren't just an academic formality. They serve three critical purposes:

Academic integrity. Citing your sources properly is how you give credit for ideas that aren't your own. Failing to cite — even accidentally — can result in a plagiarism allegation.
Credibility. Well-cited work shows your marker that you've engaged with the literature and your arguments are grounded in evidence.
Traceability. Your reader should be able to find and verify every source you've referenced. Incomplete or incorrect citations break this chain.

APA 7th vs Harvard vs MLA — Quick Comparison

The three most common referencing styles at university level each have different formatting rules. Here's a side-by-side comparison:

Feature	APA 7th	Harvard	MLA 9th
In-text format	(Author, Year)	(Author Year)	(Author Page)
Reference list name	References	Reference List	Works Cited
Title capitalisation	Sentence case	Sentence case	Title Case
Date placement	After author	After author	End of entry
Common in	Social sciences, psychology, education	Business, humanities (UK/AU)	Humanities, literature (US)

How to Cite Common Source Types

Citing a Book

APA 7th: Smith, J. A. (2023). Title of book (2nd ed.). Publisher Name.
Harvard: Smith, JA 2023, Title of book, 2nd edn, Publisher Name, City.
MLA: Smith, John A. Title of Book. 2nd ed., Publisher Name, 2023.

Citing a Website

APA 7th: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Website Name. https://url
Harvard: Author, AA Year, Title of page, Website Name, viewed Day Month Year, <https://url>.
MLA: Author. "Title of Page." Website Name, Day Month Year, url.

Citing a Journal Article

APA 7th: Smith, J. A. (2023). Title of article. Journal Name, 12(3), 45-67. https://doi.org/xxx
Harvard: Smith, JA 2023, 'Title of article', Journal Name, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 45-67.
MLA: Smith, John A. "Title of Article." Journal Name, vol. 12, no. 3, 2023, pp. 45-67.

Common Citation Mistakes Students Make

Mixing citation styles. Using APA in-text format but Harvard in the reference list. Pick one style (or follow whatever your unit guide specifies) and use it consistently.
Missing in-text citations for paraphrased ideas. You don't need quotation marks for paraphrased content, but you still need to cite the source. Every idea that isn't your own original thought needs attribution.
Reference list mismatches. Sources cited in your text but missing from the reference list (or vice versa). Do a quick audit before submitting: Ctrl+F each in-text citation and verify it appears in your reference list.
Incorrect "et al." usage. In APA 7th, use "et al." from the first citation for works with three or more authors. In Harvard, it's typically three or more as well. In MLA, it's three or more. Getting this wrong is one of the most common formatting errors.
Outdated formatting. Using APA 6th edition rules when your unit requires APA 7th. The differences are significant — APA 7th removed the publisher location, changed DOI formatting, and altered the rules for author names.

Tips for Managing References Efficiently

Cite as you write. Don't leave referencing until the end. Every time you use a source, add the in-text citation immediately and add the full reference to your list. Backtracking to find sources later wastes hours.
Keep a running reference list. Maintain your reference list in a separate document as you research. By the time you finish writing, your references are already done.
Double-check against the style guide. When in doubt, check the official manual or your university's referencing guide. Don't rely on memory for formatting details like italicisation, punctuation, or capitalisation rules.
Use a citation tool for the heavy lifting. Manually formatting dozens of references is error-prone. Use a tool to generate the base formatting, then review each entry for accuracy.

Format Your Citations Correctly

Enter your source details and get a properly formatted citation in APA 7th, Harvard or MLA — free, no sign-up required.

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